Lesson 6

1

The Rule of de Wahl regularises a great number of derivaties. There are six common verbs outside the rule which have special perfect stems.

VerbDefinitionPerfect Stem
cederto yieldcess-
moverto movemot-
venirto comevent-
sederto sitsess-
tenerto holdtent-
verterto turnvers-

Compound verbs agree :

conceder, concession. prevenir, prevention.

2

From nouns and adjectives we form verbs with the following suffixes :

SuffixDefinitionExample
-ijarto becomeold, oldijar (to grow old)
-isarto becomecentral, centralisar
-ificarto makepace (peace), pacificar (to pacify)
-earmovement, repetitionflamme (flame), flammear (to be in flames)

3

We sometimes resort to direct derivation by simply adding -ar. There are five cases where we do this.

a) to indicate "provide with" :

arme (arm, military) ; armar (to arm)

b) with instruments :

scruve (screw) ; scruvar (to screw)

c) bodily function :

lácrime (tear) ; lacrimar (to weep)

d) with persons in executive positions :

judico (judge) ; judicar (to judge)

e) with adjectives, "to make" :

sicc (dry) ; siccar (to dry)

4

Adjectives are formed from nouns by the use of the affixes -al, -ari, -ic, and -in. These have a very similar meaning ; -ari is frequently used instead of -al when an -l occurs in the root. Examples :

nation, national ; regul, regulari ; nase, nasal ; manu (hand), manual ; ornament, ornamental.

5

The suffix -in is used in a general way as in "mare" (sea), "marin" or to indicate "made of", "aure" (gold), "aurin". Example :

un aurin anelle, a gold ring.

6

The suffix -ic is added to many words of Greek origin, but those which end in -ma add -tic.

angel, angelic ; barbare (barbarian), barbaric ; problema, problematic.

7

There are some other adjectival endings with special meanings :

SuffixDefinitionExample
-osirich inpore, porosi
-atprovided withbarbe (beard), barbat (beared)
-atrisimilarspongie, spongiatri (sponge-like)
-escin the manner ofroman, romanesc
-anbelonging toAmerica, american
-esigeographicalAnglia (England), anglesi (English)
-aciinclined to (added to verbs)creder (to believe), credaci (credulous)

Note that -an and -esi can be used as nouns in the forms -ane, -ese, e.g., "francese" (French person), "francesa" (Frenchwoman), etc.

8

The final -e must be retained if it is required to preserve the soft sound of c and g, e.g., "change", "changear".

9

Vocabulary.

IeEn
durantwhile
trevery
prescalmost
omniall
passarto pass
chascuneach, every
astonarto astonish
semaneweek
escutarto listen

10

Exercise.

Lor vivaci amíca es un finlandesa. Vor insistentie completmen astona me. Su tre feminin qualitás charma omni escutantes. Ili desira li nationalisation de omni industries. Noi sedet tra presc tri sessiones, durant li passat semane.