Complet Grammatica de Occidental

IV-esim Capitul: Composition

A. General remarcas.

Li composition de paroles es fat:

1. sin vocale eufonic: foy+resistent -- foy-resistent (íncombustibil):

2. con vocale eufonic -i-: glob+i+form -- globiform

3. con vocale eufonic -o-: ferr(e)+o+via -- ferrovia.

Ulterior exemples:

1. sin vocale eufonic: vapor-yacht, guerilla-banda, scri-machine (scri(r)+machine) = tipp-machine (tipp(ar)+machine), machin-tippist, sty-bord, nord-ost, sud-west, nota-librette, vin-presse, chapel-bux, horloj-bux, bir-glass, benedir, benevoler, foliecalendare, cavall-bross, genu-articulation, -cavitá, -flexion

2. con vocale eufonic -i-: agr-i-cultura, veloc-i-ped, carn- (crud-, fruct-, funr??-, gramin-, gran-, herb-, ign-, insect-, omn-, radic-(i-vor), un-i-color, -corn, -ficar, -form, -gen, -lateral)

3. con vocale eufonic -o-: elect-o-motor, ide-o-gramm, aeronautic, germanofil, -fob, -man, bibliofil, francoroman, anglosaxon(ic), austro-german, tecnicoscientific.

It es sempre recomandabil intercalar un strec ligativ inter li partes del composit paroles, precipue che noviformationes: calor-dom, ocular-vitre, scop-conform. Li vocales ligativ es sempre juntet direct al parte anterior: ideo-gramm, ne id'e-ogramm di ide-o-gramm.

In li german lingue li composit paroles superabanda; do li germanes mey atenter que in Occidental on prefere usar atributes (adjectivic o substantivic) in vice de composites. p. ex.: D Amtsblatt oficial gazette, Dampfschiffahrtsverbindung comunication per vapornave, Haustier animale domestic, Kirchengeschichte historie de eclesie, Knotenpunkt punctu de juntion, Kochherd forn de cocine, Kochkunst arte culinari, Konkursmasse active de falliment, Ochsenauge oves frit, Regenbogen arc in ciel, Rohrpost posta pneumatic, Sittengesetz lege moral, Versicherungsprämie premie de assecurantie, Weichselzopf plica polonic.

Un role apart lude li compositiones con prefixes, prepositiones e altri grammatical paroles, precipue anc pro li assimilation quel multes recive; compara li partes B e D in sequent. On mey anc atenter li compositiones imperativic: vide li parte E in infra.

B. Li assimilation in li composition.

In casu de composition li prepositiones ad, con, ex, in, sub posse assimilar se tam quam li prefixes ab-, dis-, ín-, ob- (vide in detallie in infra li parte D), p. ex.: alliteration de ad-literation, collaborar de con-laborar, irregulari de in-regulari, occurrerr de ob-currer, supplement de sub-plement, etc., o mem li ultim líttere del preparal desapari quam in coeducation de con-education, emisser de ex-misser, etc. On posse vicear li duplic consonantes per simplic: aliteration, colaborar, iregulari, ocurer, suplement etc. Ma ci li duplic consonantes es un bon signe por monstrar li composition: compara ad plu in infra li V-m capitul, parte C.

Li formationes sin mutation (del consonant final) del prefix have precipue che noviformationes un sense plu litteral quam in li ancian paroles sciental, p.ex.: con-position apu composition (artistic), ínrational apu irrational (númere), u li ultimes have un usu plu metaforic.

In general noi usa til nu li formes historic con eventual assimilation e solmen in secundari linea li prefixes sin change, contra que noi ne ha usat li formes acurtat quam p.ex.: irational etc., pro que it es tre desfacil dar precis regules pri ti formes: ili anc efacia li etimologic structura del lingue, e alontana su ortografie de ti del lingues anglés, francés e german. Li divers prefixes es tractat in detallie in infra, in li parte D.

In li V-m capitul on va trovar un parte «Simplification del ortografie» u es tractat anc li prefixes.

C. Temas ínseparabil.

In li composition es usat mult temas ínseparabil: it es teles queles ne es usabil sol quam índependent paroles, ma solmen in compositiones. Lor derivates es nominat «orfan» derivates; ma omni ti temas ínseparabil es solmen transformationes de temas autonom. Ti transformationes ne es un part del grammatica de Occidental, ma ili es heredie del latin e apartene al xenolexico scientific. Ma quelc de ili es tractat ci por afacilar lor comprension sin auxilie de lexico.

-cepter, form con ablaut (change del vocal fundamental del radica) del verb autonom capter, in ac-, con-, de-, ex-, in-, inter-, per-, re-, sus-cepter.

-cid, form con ablaut del verb I, caedere (cadentar) con eufonic vocal -i in cani-, dei-, fratri-, homi-, infanti-, insecti-, liberti- (de libertá, cp. III A I), matri-, parasiti-, patri-, reyi-, sui-, tiranni-cid.

-col, parent a cult, cultivar, con -i- eufonic: agri-, api-, arbori-, avi-, dei- horti- (de L hortus -- jardin), igni- (L ignis -- foy), regni- (L regnum), serici- (L sericum -- silk), sylvi- (L sylva -- forest), vini-, viti- (de vite) -col.

-cusar, de L causa (causa, cose) in ac-, ex-, re-cusar (juristic, ne reconosser li competentie de un tribunal, un judico, un testimon, un experte etc.)

-dir, ablaut-form de dar (L dare), ne de dir (L dicere), in ad-, con-, extra-, per-, ren-, tra-, ven-dir; anc ti paroles hodie ne es plu sentit quam compositiones.

-ennie (parent a annu) in cent-, dec-, mill-ennie; on posse anc dir annucentena (secul), annudecena, annumillena (cp. -en in III, B. I).

-fecter, ablaut-form de L factare (de L facere, far), parent a facte, in affecter, confecter, defecter, infecter e perfect.

-fer de L ferre (= portar) in aeri-, argenti-, armi-, auri-, calori-, coni-, cruci-, fructi-, herbi-, lacti-, luci-, mammi-, morti-, odori-, pesti-, somni-, squami-fer e mult altres.

-ferer (= portar) in con-, dif-, re-ferer.

-ficar de L far, vide in III, B, 2 sub -ificar.

-ficie de L -ficium de facere (= far) in arti-, bene-, male-, of-, vene(ni)ficie.

-gester de L gerere (portar, producter), part. perf. gestus (Occidental. geste), in con-, di-, sug-gester.

-herer de L haerere (pender, restar) in ad-, co-, in-herer.

-hibir form con ablaut de L habere (haver, tener) in ex-, in-, pro-hibir.

-ir de L ire (ear) in amb-i-t-ion (circumeada por colecter voces), co-i-t, ex-ir, preter-ir, trans-ir (de quel: transitiv).

-later de L latus (portet) in cor-re, re-, trans-later, in plu ab-lat-ive, col-lat-ion(ar), di-lat-ori, ob-lat-e, pre-lat, super-lati-ve.

-lecter de part. perf. lectus de L legere (leer, selecter, collecter) in col-, e-, se-lecter.

-nunciar de L nuntius (missagero) ex noventius (qui proclama novitás), in an-, de-, e-, pro-, re-nunciar.

-par de L parere (parturar) in fissipar, foliipar, gemellipar, multipar, ovipar, ovovivipar, primipar, unipar, unipar, vivipar.

-pellar de L pellere (pus-ar, pulser) in ap. inter-pellar.

-quisiter de L part. perf. quasitus de querere (serchar) in a-, in-, per-, re-quisiter.

-servar de L servare (conservar) in con-, ob-, pre-, re-servar.

-sister de L. sistere (reduplicative con ablaut de L stare -- star) in a-, con-, in-, per-, re-sister; in vice de ex-sister on scri exister.

-terger de L terger (essuyar, siccar) in abs-, de-terger.

-tiner de tener con ablaut in abs-tiner, con-tin-ent, im-per-tin-ent, per-tiner.

-verger de L vergere (directer se) in con-, di-verger.

-vor de L vorare (devorar), vide in supra in li parte A.

E mult altres.

D. Prefixes.

Ci es tractat tam li prefixes ínseparabil quam li prepositiones e altri grammatical paroles usat quam prefixes. Ínseparabil es nominat ti prefixes queles ne es usat quam autonom paroles (prepositiones, etc) i.e. li sequent: ab-, al(c)-, bel-, dis-, ho-, in-, mis-, ne(c)-, non-, ob-, pre-, re-, se-.

Li du species de prefixes es tractat ci junt, pro que in li composition ili seque li sam regules: plures del unes e del altres posse esser assimilat, compara in supra li parte B. In sequent li prepositiones e altri grammatical paroles es apartmen indicat.

Ab-, indica un move for del rect via o del punctu o qualitá original: abalienar, abdicar, abducter (medicinic, antonim: adducter), aberrar (aberration), abhorrer, abirritar, abjudicar, abjurar, abnegar, abnorm, absoluer (absolut), abusu: ante li tenues c e t assimilation partial in abs-ceder (abscess), abstiner (-tiner de tener con ablaut), abstra(ct)er, abstrus (de truder).

Ad- (preposition) forma verbes (a) de adjectives con li sense «far tal quam li adjective expresse»: apt, adaptar; (b) de verbes con li sense de «aproximar, mover in direction»: ducter, adducter.

Assimilation partial a a- ante b, se, sp, st: batter, abatter: bell, abellar; brevi, abreviar; scender, ascender, spirar, aspirar; strict, astricter.

Assimilation total ante c, f, g, l, n, p, q (foneticmen mutat a ac-), r, s, t: accession, acclamar, accomodar, accusar, afflicter, affluer, affolar, agglutinar, aggrandar, ravar, allargar, allitteration, allongar, alluder, annexer, annullar, annunciar, apparir, applauder, arrestar, arrivar, arrondar, assentir, assimilar, associar, assonar, assortir, attender, attentar, atterrar, attirar, attra(ct)er, attribuer.

Ad- in li altri casus, i.e. ante vocales e ante d, h, j, m, v: Addir (de quel addition, vide IV, C sub -dir), adequat, adherer, adjectiv, adjudicar, adjunter, adjustar, administrar, admirar, admisser, admonir, adopter, adornar, adverb.

Al- ante qu, alc- ante vocales, forma pronomines e pronominal adverbies índefinit; compara in infra VI,1).

Ante- (preposition) indica un anterioritá temporal, analog a pre-: antecedenties, antedatar, antediluvian, antenuptial, antepenultim, antevenir. Li parol «anticipar» consiste ex ant(e) {plus} i (eufonic) {plus} cipar (orfan temaquam in «e-man(u)-cipar», parent a capter).

Avan- (preposition) indica un anterioritá local (sovente circa in li sense de front): avan-brass, avangarde, avanlinea (frontlinea), avan-mann, avanmur, avanplan (-scene), avanportar, avanposto, avancurrero, (compara: precursor).

Bel- (etimologicmen identic al adjective bell) expresse un parentitá per maritage: belfilio, belfratre, belmatre, belparentitá, belsestra. Compara -astre in III,B,I.

Circum- (preposition) indica un periferic proximitá: circumcentric(itá), circumdar, circumferent(ie), circumflex, circumlocution, circumnavigation, circumpolari, circumscrit(ion), circumspect(ion), circumstantial (in Occidental ti ci parol es format ex li sequent elementes circum+st+a+nt+i+al, circumvallation, circumvolution.

Con- (preposition) indica un move de extern, ad un centre comun, un aproximation, un association, ma in mult international paroles solmen por nuanciar li conception. Li signification in tal casus trova se in omni vocabulariums anglés, francés, german etc.

Ti sufix assimila se a co- ante vocales e h: coactiv, coadministrator, coeducation, coetan (de etá), coexistentie, cohabitar, coherer, cohibir, coincider, cointeressat, coinvestitura, cooperation, coordinar.

Total assimilation ante l, m, (n), r: collaboration, collecter, collocar, commercie, commisser, commod, commun(ist), commutar, connational, connex, correcter, correyent, correlativ, correpetitor, corresponder, corroder, corruption.

Com- ante b, p (e m quam just demonstrat in supra): combatter, combinar, combuster, comparar, compatriot, composition, comprender, compresser, comprometter, compromisser.

Con- in omni altri casus: conceder, concluder, concordar, condamnar, condensar, condescender, condoler, conducter, confederar, confirmar, confluer, conform, confrontar, confuser, congenial, congregation, congress, conjun(c)tion, conjurar, consacrar, conscientie, consentir, conservar, consister, consolidar, conspirar, constant, constellation, contemporan, contra(ct)er, convenir, e mult altres.

Contra- (preposition) indica un contrarietá, un oposition: contraalt, contrabande (bande = edict, lege); contrabass, contradi(c)tion, contrafagott, contraindication, contrapunct, contrasignar, contrast (st es li radica del verb star), contravallation, contravenir.

De- (preposition) indica un moventie de supra ad infra, o fro alcú ad ci o ta. In ti ultim sense it es simil al prefix -ab, quel tamen have un sense plu proxim a for. Li diferentie es clar in li du verbes deducter e abducter. Li unesim monstra per li preposition de al orígine (on «deducte» li parol illusion del verb luder), durant que li duesim monstra li alontanation, separation (on «abducte» li sordid aqua ex li fabrica). Ma ab- in general ne es plu usat in modern nov derivationes e on da preferentie a de-, quel pro to accepte anc un sense proxim a for-.

Exemples for:

1. ad avan e ad infra: decader, degelar, demisser, demobilisar, depender, descender;

2. in altri direction: defigurar, deformar, detener, deviar;

3. del orígine: deducter, derivar;

4. for: decentralisar, defecar, deortar, derelar, debarcar.

Quam on vide, ti significationes es modificationes de un sam primari idé: moventie o traida in un altri direction.

In li lingue francés ti de ha mixtet se con li prefix des- (quel es un plu modern deformation del prefix dis- con un altri special sense). To ha devenit pro eufonic rasones, specialmen egardat in li lingue F. quel ha eliminat presc omni s ante consonantes, p.ex. école de escola, écarter de escartar, guèpe de Wespe, échanger de exchange etc. Pro to inter li paroles modern con prefix de- existe un grand parte de tales, queles in li lingues hispan e portugalés have li prefix des-, p.ex. descomposição, desdenho (F dédain = desdigni), desflorar, desfoliar, desgelar, desgustar, desligar (délier) etc...

Des-: ti prefix have li fundamental sense de separation, privation, cessation (vide anc dis-, de quel it deriva). To es specialmen visibil

1. che verbes e participies derivat de substantives: desabonnar, desargentar, desarmar, desequilibrar, desheredar, desillusionar, desvalidar, desfoliar, desinfection... e pro to adprende (altricos quam apprende) li sense del

2. contrarie: desconcordie, descuida, desdignar, desgust, desagreabil, desavantage, deshonor.

Pro que mult francés paroles es plu difuset, on posse anc in ti prefix aplicar li sam regul quam in ad, dis, in, sub etc. i.e. on posse eliminar li ultim consonant, per quo ti prefix va colider con li preposition de-. Ma li sense es in mult casus tam afin que li usation de ti o altri form ne va far grand diferentie. In general on posse dir que des- es plu strict, plu rigorós. To monstra se anc in li diferentie con li prefixes in- e non- queles monstra solmen li negation; des- es plu fort e monstra lu averse, lu contrari.

In mult casus che international paroles ti sufixes de-, dis-, e anc in- etc. ha perdit lor sense intrinsic e solmen da un altri nov sense al radica. P.ex. definir, devenir, discurs, diminuer, directer, informar, invidie, etc.

Dis- indica un separation, un dispersion, un movement de desagregation, un movement in divers directiones: discontar, discontinuar, disconvenir, discordar, discurs, disharmonie, disjun(c)tiv, dislocar, dismembrar, disposir, displantar, dissemar, dissident, dissoluer, distra(ct)er, distribuer; dif- ante f: diffamar, differer, diffider, difform, diffuser; di- ante d, g, l, m, n, r, sp, st, v: diducter (medicinic), digestion, digresser, dilacerar, dilatar, diluer, diluvie, diminuer, dimisser, di-spersion, di-star (di-stantie), divagar, diverger. On mey atenter que tam dis- quam di- posse start ante 1: dis-locar, ma dilatar: li unesim parol es un modern formation, li duesim es heredat de L. Posit ante li parol «facil», li prefix dis- producte li ablaut de a ad i: difficil, de quo deriva «difficultá» (ples vider -tá); ma on posse dir anc regularimen «desfacil, desfacilitá». On mey comparar li prefix grec di- in infra in li parte F.

Ex- (preposition) indica (a) con verbal temas un movement de intern ad extern: e- ante d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v: edict, educar, educter, (chem.) egresser, ejecter, elaborar, electer, elevar, emigrar, emisser, enervar, enorm, erecter, eroder, erupter, evacuar, evader, evaporar, evoluer; ef- ante f: effaciel, effecter, efflution, effoliar, ma anc efaciar etc. (compara IV, B, in supra). Ma ex- in li altri casus: exarticular, excavar, exceder, excentric, excider, exclamar, excluder, excommunicar, exculpar, excurs, excusar, exhalar, exhauster, exmatricular, expatriar, expectorar, explicar, exponer, exportar, exposition, expresser, expropriar, expulser, extender, extermination, exterritorial, extra(ct)er.

In quelc casus, precipue in paroles heredat (de latin), on elimina un s sequent pos ex-: execrar (de ex-secrar), execu(t)er, (de ex-secu(t)er), exister (ex-sister), expectar (ex-spectar), expirar (ex-spirar), extirpar (ex-stirpar); advere in ti paroles li composition ne plu es sensibil.

(b) Con substantivic temas li prefix ex- significa «ancian»: exesperantist, exidist, eximperator, exministro, exofficero, expresident, exrey, exsoveran. Ci un assimilation ne eveni.

Extra- (preposition) servi (a) por marcar li exterioritá: (commission) extraparlamentari, (medies) extraleyal, extraordinari; (b) por augmentar li signification de mani paroles por marcar li extraordinaritá: (torte) extrafin, extraqualitá.

For- (preposition) posse esser usat por indicar un alontanation in li sense local: for-currer, -ducter, -ear, -jettar, -mover, -portar, -prender, -tirar, -viagear. Ma pro que ti derivates nequam es international (ad maxim D: cp. «fortlaufen, fortführen, fortgehen», ma solmen pri li prefix e ne pri li radicas), e pro que ili posse causar miscomprenses por angleses (nam li prefix A fore- have un signification temporal), it es plu bon usar in vice del derivates per for- plu international paroles, quam p.ex. forcurrer escapar, fuir: forducter = ab-, conducter: forear = departer, absentar se, escapar.

Ho- forma (con terminos temporal) adverbies indicant li témpor del parlant (adverbies de simultanitá): ho-annu, hoclocca, hodie, homatine, homensu, honocte, hosemane, hosemestre, hotempore, hovesper, hovece.

In- (preposition) sin accentu, ne confusibil con li prefix negativ ín-, indica (a) con temas verbal «un movement de extern ad intern», (b) con temas nominal it producte verbes factitiv. Assimilation tonal ante l, m, r: im- ante b, (m), p.

Exemples ad (a) con assimilation total: illusion, immanent, immerger, immigrar, irrupter; im-: importar, impregnar, impression, imputar, in-: includer, infecter, influer, ingredir (ingredientie), injecter, inscrir, inscruvar, insister, inspecter, invader.

Exemples ad (b) con assimilation total: illuminar, immatricular, -in: inamorar, incarcerar, indurar, infiltrar, inflammar, infornar, inhalar, inhumar, innovar, inocular, inradicar, int(h)ronar, inundar, invaggonar.

Ín- (prefix ínseparabil) sub accentu, indica con adjectives (inclusiv li participies, si ili have un sense plu adjectivic quam verbal-temporal) li negation del nation; it es assimilabil in li sam maniere quam li preposition in- immediatmen tractat in supra. Assimilation total: ílliberal, íllimitat, ílloyal, ímmatur, ímmediat, ímmeritet, ímmobil, ímmoral, ímmortal, írrational, írregulari, írreligios, írreparabil; ím-: ímpar, ímpenetrabil, ímperfect, ímpolit, ímponderabil, ímpremediat, ímpur; ín-: ínaccurat, ínactiv, ínarticulat, íncapabil, íncaut, íncoherent, íncompetent, íncorrect, íncredibil, íncurabil, índeclinabil, índiscret, ínevitabil, ínexact, ínfallibil, ínfidel, íngrat, ínhabil, ínhuman, ínjust, ínnavigabil, ínnocent, ínnormal, ínquiet, ínsensibil, ínseparabil, ínsolid, ínstabil, íntolerant, íntransitiv, ínvalid, ínvariabil, ínvisibil. On mey egardar li explicationes che non- in infra.

Inter- (preposition) significa (a) «in li medie de»: intercalar, interceder, intercellulari, intercommunal, intercontinental, interfoliar, interfoliari, interjection, interlineari, interludie, intermitter, intermontan, intermundan, international, interpellar, interpolar, interpunction, interregnum, interrogar, interrupter, interstellari, intervall, intervenir, intervertebral: (b) con verbes reflexiv it indica un action reciproc -- «far se reciprocmen»: interalimentar se, interchangear se, intermaritar se, interlaudar se, intersuccurser se.

Mis- indica «ne just, ne convenient, fallient, fals»: misalliantie, misapplicar, misaudir, miscantar, mischance, miscomprender, misconosser, misconsiliar, miscorrecter, miscrescer, misdatar, misderivar, misdirecter, miseducar, misestimar, misexpresser, misfider, misformat, misfortun, misguidar, misinformar, misinterpretar, misjudicar, misparlar (errar parlante), mispassuar, misposir, mispreciar, misprense, misprintar, mispronunciar, misquotar, missuccess, miston (= dissonantie), mistraducter.

Ne- (conjunction), prefixet al pronomines e pronominal adverbies relativ, it forma pronomines e adverbies negativ: assimilation a nec- ante vocales: on mey comparar in infra li VI-m capitul, parte D.

Non- es usat quam negation in vice de -ín ante substantives e sovente anc ante adjectives: nonarrive, noncombattent, noncomplacentie, nonconductor, nonconform(itá), noncontagios, concontent(itá), noncooperation, nonelection, nonfumator, noninterlinear (= compress), nonintervention, nonpayament, nonperformantie, nonsense, nonsolution, nonsubmission. It es usat con avantage ante participies e altri adjectives con un verbal radica por evitar un possibil confusion in parlada con li local prefix in-, nam on ya ne audi li grafic accentu del negativ prefix -ín; talmen on posse distincter: (in)corporat e non(in)corporat, indentat e nondentat, (in)habitabil e non(in)habitabil, impenetrabil e non(in)penetrabil.

Non- es minu emfatic quam -ín. Non- es solmen negativ, indicante, li absentie de alquo; ín- es quasi-positiv, aludente li presentie de alcun oposit qualitá. Ples comparar: non-religios e írreligios, non-christian e ínchristian, non-famos e ínfamos, non-professional e ínprofessional, non-europan e íneuropan, etc.

Ob-: ti prefix es ne plu sentibil e ha perdit su fortie creativ; it es ínproductiv e existe solmen in paroles traditional. It es mentionat ci solmen pro motives de sistematica, precipue por demonstrar li leges de assimilation. It significa «vers, contra, reciprocmen, unaltru», assimilat ante c, f, p; o- ante m: quelcvez os- ante t: obducter, objecter, obligar (ligar mutualmen), obrogar, obseder, observar, obstructer, obtener; omisser; occasion, occident, occupar, occurrer, offensive, offert, officie, opposition, oppresser; ostentar.

Per- (preposition) significa «tra, trans-, til fine»: percepter, percurrer, percusser, perfect, perforar, permaner, pernoctar (= passar li nocte), permutar, perquisiter, persequer, persister, perspective, perspirar, perstudiar, persuader, perusar, perverter (pervers), pervenir.

Pos- (preposition), in paroles scientic o historic post-: posscrit o post-scri(p)t, pos(t)datar, pos(t)diluvial, postfeste, pos(t)guerran, posthum, posmidi, postludie, postposition.

Pre- significa «ante, avan», do con aplication tam local quam temporal, e have metaforicmen anc un signification de valore superior; pre-adamic, precaution, predestinar, predir, predisposition, predominantie, pre-existentie, prehistoric, prejudicie, preludie, prematur, prepotent, preponderant, pre-payar, presider, prescientie, presupposir, prevaler, prevenir, previder.

Péter- (preposition), in general scrit sin accentu, expresse un move ad avan e al látere del object: pretercurrer, preterear (= preterir, de quo: preterit), preterpassar, pretervehicular.

Pro- (preposition) indica un move ad-avan, un projection de intern ad-supra e ad-avan (contrari a re-): proceder, proclamar, procurar, producter, progresser, projecter, prolongar, pronunciar, proposir, prospect, provenir, provider (providentie), provocar.

Quasi- (adverbie) expresse un semblant similitá: quasicontrat, quasicosa, quasidelict, quasiexception, quasinobilitá, quasiofficial.

Re- significa (a) un move retro al comensa (contrari a pre- e pro-): reacter, redatar, reducter, reflexer, refluer, refuir, refracter, regress, rejecter, rememorar, repugnant, revocar; (b) «de nov»: rebaptisar, recapitular, reconosser, reconstructer, reformar, refriscar, regenerar, renascer, renovar, reorganisar, repetir, reproducter, rescrir, respirar, reunionar, revider, reviventar.

Retro- (adverb) expresse quam prefix un movement de avan a retro invers al direction del nominat movement: retro-act-er, -iv, retro-bulbari, retroceder, retrocession, retrodatar, retroflexion (med.), retrograd, -ar, -ation, retromarchar, retropharyngal (abscess), retro-posir, -pulser, -pussar, retro-spect-er, -ion, -iv, retrovaccin-ation, -e, retrovenir, retroversion (med. e linguist.), retroverter.

Se- (prefix ínproductiv, solmen in paroles traditional) significa «separat, isolat, lontan, sin...»: secession, secluder, secreer, secur, seducter, selecter, separar.

Self- (pronomine) es usat quam reflexiv prefix ante verbal substantives o participies: self-abassament, self-abnegation. self-actent(automatic), self-admiration, self-amore, self-cludent, self-conossent(ie), self-confident(ie), self-conscient(ie), self-conservation, self-controll, self-defension, self-mortat(ion) (=sui-cid[ie]), self-negligent(ie), self-preservation, self-respect, self-sacrificie. In li sam sense on usa li grec prefix auto-; cp. in li parte F.

Sub- (preposition) signifiea «sub-»: subaltern, subdivision, subjecter, subjugar, submarin, submisser, subordinar, subrider, subscrir, subsister, substantie, substituer, subtasse, subtener, subterran, subtra(c)tion, subvention. Assimilation total ante c, f, g, p: succeder, successar, succumber, succurser, succusser, sufficer, suffix, suffocar, suffusion, suggestion, supplantar, suppleer, supplicar, supportar, supposir, suppression; su- ante sp-; suspecter, suspirar, in quelc casus sus- ante tenues (c, p, t): suscepter, suspender.

Tra-, tran- vide li sequent prefix.

Trans- (preposition) indica un transition: transaction, transalpin, transatlantic, transfigurar, transformar, transfuser, transgresser, transit, translater, Transleithania, translucid, transmarin, transmigration, transmisser, transocean, transpacific, transpadan, transparent, transportar, transrhenan, transsubstantiation, transsuder, Transsylvania, transversar; assimilation in tran- ordinarimen ante sc e sp: transcendent, transcrition, transpirar; assimilation in tra- ordinarimen ante d, j, in poc casus anc ante m, v: tradition, traduction, traject, tramontana, traverser, travestir.

Ultra: (preposition) caracterisa alquo exagerat, translimitat: ultraclerical, ultradecolletat, ultraliberal(ism), ultramarin, ultramontan, ultraorthodox, ultrarevolutionario, ultraroyalist, ultrarubi, ultraviolett(i).

Vice- indica functiones exercit in subordination o substitution: viceadmiral, vicechancelllero, vicecomte, viceconsul, vicedelegat, vicepresidente, vicerector, vicerey, vicesenechal. De «vice» forma se li verb «vicear» (sinonim de «substituer»), li substantives «vicario, vicariatu» e li prepositional locution «in vice de».

Remarcas:

(1) On mey atenter que anc pluri prefixes posse intersequer, p.ex.: inter-suc-curser, pre-dis-position, re-com-pensar, e mult altri exemples in supra sub li divers prefixes.

(2) On mey evitar li compositiones ínnatural con li preposition pri: ne pripensar, ma pensar pri... o reflecter, meditar, considerar; ne priparlar, ma parlar pri... o discusser, tractar, mentionar.

E. Compositiones con imperatives.

Composit paroles, o un imperative es li determinative, unesim part e un substantive, adjective, particul, infinitive o mem un altri imperative constitue li altri, sequent partes (t.e. stereotip frases, usat quam substantives) posse esser format in Occidental in li sam maniere quam in mult lingues romanic, germanic e slavic. Quelc exemples ex natural lingues: Latin: fac-simile, fac-totum, noli-me-tangere, vade-me-cum, Italian: rompi-capo, spazza-camino, salt-im-banco, Hispan: besa-manos, pasa-calle. Port.: papa-gente, corrimao (curre-manu), Francés: rendez-vous, tourne-main, vole-au-vent, German: Vergiss-mein-nicht, Stell-dich-ein, Spring-ins-feld, Tauge-nichts, Anglés: forget-me-not, cast-away, look-out, Dan: Forglem-mig-ej, Sved: förgät-mig-ej, sup-ut, pass-opp, kryp-in, Russ: Vladi-vostok, Tchec: lam-zelezo, etc. etc. Ci quelc exemples de to, qualmen tal paroles posse esser composit anc in Occidental:

Besa- (del verb besar): besamanu = manubesa, besafront, besaped.

Chassa- (in li sense de «forpussar, escartar»): chassalápide (de locomotives), chassanive.

Craca-: cracanuce = nuciecracator.

Garda- (del verb «gardar») alquo contenent, protectent, alqui gardant: gardacórpore, gardacrayon, gardamoné (= moné-bux, moné-scaf), garda-manjage (= scafette con rete metallic por conservar alimentes), garda-ocul (oculecran, oculscren), gardarobe, gardastrad, gardavia (de ferrovias).

Para- (de «parar» = defender contra) defensive, preventive contra: paraballe, parachoc, paracadida, parafango, paraflamme (= pumpe de incendies), parafoy, parafulmin, parafum, paraglacie (garnitura de planes circum li naves in li mares polari), paraluce, paramoskito, paranive (apu e súper vias), parapluvie, parasol, paravente.

On ne mey confuser ti prefix verbal con li afix originalmen grec in parábol, paracentre, paraphrase, parapsychic, etc., quel significa «apu, preter, trans».

Passa-: passatémpore, passaparol, passapertot, passa-passa.

Porta-: alquo portant o tenent: porta-agul'e, portacigar, porta-cigarette, portacrayon, portademistrump, portafolie, portamantó, portamoné, portapantalon, portapaper, portaplat, portaplum, portastrump.

Pesa-: pesalettre, pesalacte, pesaspirit, pesamoné.

Rupte-: rupteglacie (avan pont-pilares o al prore de nave), ruptecap.

Tira-: tirabuton, tiracorc (= corcscruv), tiraped (del sapatero), tirascruv (= scruv-clave, scruvuore).

Torna-: tornasole (= heliotrop), tornamanu (= moment).

Li cardinal principies de Occidental es maximum de lingual usu international, pro li sam cause pro quel li usu es normativ por li lingues national. To quo es actualmen international, sive in vocabularium, sive in grammatica, ne es permisset changear mutilar secun subjectiv idés. Li international vocabules es in Occidental analisabil in su elementes. pro que li regules del derivation de Occidental es identic con li existent international. Nov paroles es format solmen in analog maniere e deveni identic con li frequent nov-formationes del terminologie international. Li tresor del cultural paroles international, queles vive latent in li lingues national ha recivet autonomie in Occidental, quel pro to ne es inventet, ma decovrit. Occidental es li resultate del quarant-annual linguistic exploration, quel comensat ja circa 1890.

F. Grec prefixes.

In li lingue Occidental es usat anc grec prefixes in li terminarium scientific: in sequent solmen tal sufixes es enumerat, queles es tre productiv o queles liga se mem on paroles non-grec (do producte tal-nominat hibrides) o queles have un altri importantie por li usator de Occidental.

A- ante vocales e h: an-, li tal-nominat grec alpha privativ, indica privation, o in modern paroles plu mult un índiferentie: p.ex. alogic ne es ínlogic (i.e. contrari al logica, ma índiferent al logica, ergo ni logic, ni ínlogic o ambi. In sam sense specialmen ante latin adjectives: anational, anormal, asexual, asocial. Altri exemples de usation: ancaten(ic) p. ex. bicycle), acatholic, acotyledon, aglutition (impotentie a glutir [glotir]), amorph, analphabet (= illiterat), anarchic, anhydrit, anargonic, aspheric, asymetric, atheism, apathie.

Anti-, ante vocales anc ant-, indica un contrarietá, un adversitá: antacid, antalkali, antarctic, antasthmatic, anticatholic, antichrist, anticonstitutional, anticosmetic, anticritic, anticyclon, antepileptic, antifebrin, antigallic (francophob, gallophob), antigerman (germanophob), antiliberal, antimilitarist, antimoral(ic), antinational, antipapist, antiparasit (parasiticid), antipatriot(ism), antirey, antisemit, antisocial, antithese, antityp, antivaccin(ation)ist, antivivisectionist. In noviformationes on usa sovente li plen form anti- mem ante vocales: anti-acid, antialcoholism, antiamerican, antiapex, antiepileptic, antiepiscopal, antievangelical.

Archi-, ante vocales arch-, significa li gradu max superior, li unesim rang: archangel, archepiscop, archidiacon, archiduc, archifripon, archínamic.

Auto- significa «self»: autobiograph, autocritic, autodidact, autograph, autoinfection, autolaryngoscop, automobil, autophagie, autoplastic, autosuggestion, autotransfusion; aut- in: autarch(ie). In ti sens on posse anc usar li pronómin «self», precipue con temas latin: selfinfection, selfsuggestion etc. (compara in li parte D in supra). Li prefix auto- es anc usat quam abreviatura de «automobil»: auto(omni)bus, auto-carrosserie, autochassis, autogarage, autopanne, autostrada, autotrafic, autotype.

Deca- significa «deci» in sense multiplicativ: decacord, decaedre, decagon, decagramm, decalitre, decalog, decametre, decasyllab(ic).

Di- significa «du» in sense multiplicativ: dicard, dicotyledon, didecaedre (corpo con 2x10 planes), diedre, digramm (littere duplic, ligatura), diglott (parlant du lingues), dilemma, dilogic (ambigui), dimetre (in li versification), dimorph(ism), dioctaedre, dipetalosi, diphonie (duett),phthong, diptychon, distichon (duplic vers), disyllab)ic), ditetraedre (corpo con 2x4 planes). On mey ne confuser di- con dis- (vide li parte D).

Dia-, ante vocales di- significa «tra-, trans-»: di-acustica, diagon(al), diagramm, dialyse, diametre, diaphon(ometre), diaphragma(tic), diapositiv, diascop(ic), diathermic, diatonic, di-ecese, di-optre, di-orama.

Eu- bon, bene: eubiotic, eucharistie, euepic, eulogie, eumorph(ic), euphem-ism, -istic, euphon(ic), euphoricr, eurythmic.

Hecto-, ante vocales hect-, significa «cent» in sense multiplicativ: hect-ar(e), hectogramm, hectographar (polygraphar), hectolitre, hectometre, hectowatt.

Hemi- = demí: hemicycle, demiedric, hemiglob, hemisphere.

Hetero- = altri, diferent, ínegal, contrari: heterodox, heterogen, heteromorph, heterosexual.

Homo- {equals} egal: homogen, homolog, homosexual, homonym.

Hyper- {equals} súper, ultra: hypercivilisation, hypercrise, hypermodern, hypernationalism (chovinism), hyperoxyd, hyperreligios (bigott), hypersagesse (hypersophie), hypertrophie.

kilo- significa «mill» in sense multiplicativ: kilogramm, kilolitre, kilometre, kilowatt.

Mega-, ante vocales meg-, significa «million», in sense multiplicativ: megagramm, megalitre, megametre, megavolt, megawatt, megohm; in sense metaforic «extragrand»: megalith, megaphon, megascop, megatherium.

Mono-, mon- {equals} un, simplic, sol, singul, unic: monarch(ie), monocord, monochrom(atic), monocycle, monogam(ie), monoglott, monogramm, monograph(ie), monocul, monolateral, monolith, monolog, monoman(ie), monoplan, monopol(isar), monosyllab(ic), monotheism, monoton. On forma anc direcrt: mon-ism, mon-ist-ic.

Myria- significa decimill: myriagramm, myrialitre, myriametre; in sene metaphoric: myriapod.

Pan- = omni, tot: Panamerica, Panasia, Paneuropa, panharmonic, panhistor, panoptic, panorama, panslavism, pantelegraph, pantheism, pantheon.

Para- vide in li capitale precedent sub para-.

Poly- mult: polyandrie, polychrom, polycopiar, polyedre, polygam(ist), polyglott(ie), polygramm, polygraph(al), polyhistor, polymorph(ism), polyphon(ic), polysyllab(ic), polytheism.

Proto-, ante vocales prot- = unesim, prim, primari: protoevangelie (1 Mose 3, 15), protolingue, protoplasma, protoplastes (Adam e Eva), prototyp, protozoe.

Pseudo-, ante vocales anc pseud-, expresse un fals qualification: pseud(o)apóstol, pseudochrist, pseudocrupp, pseud(o)episcop, pseudohereditá (biol.), pseudomaladie, pseudonym, pseudophilosoph, pseudoprophet, pseudosagio, pseudoscrite; cp. li nómin propri: Pseudo-Demetrius.

Tele- significa un desaproximation, do «lontan»: telecable, telegramm, telegraphar, telepathie, telephonar, telescop, television, televisor.

Ne indicat es ci li sequent prefixes grec: allo-, amphi-, ana-, apo-, cata-, dodeca-, dys-, ek-, en-, endo-, ennea-, epi-, hepta-, hexa-, homeo-, hypo-, icosa-, iso-, meta-, octo-, palin-, penta-, peri-, pro-, pros-, syn-, tetra-, tri-, u-. On trova les e lor compositiones in li Radicarium e in omni grand lexicos national, in xenolexicos e in lexicos scientific.